Cs 1.6 biobase hack download

Installed software: We have listed the versions used for our test run, but later versions are likely to also function in our pipeline. R " biocLite "graph" biocLite "BiocParallel" install.

But, MetaNetVar can also accept any of the following forms of input if appropriate parameters are tweaked ;. Bed Formatted association file: A tab-delimited text file with 5 required fields: chrom chromStart chromEnd Reference. The first base in a chromosome is numbered 0. The chromEnd base is not included in the display of the feature. Tab-delimited SNP association p-value.

Summary As described by Funseq2: "A summary file for recurrent analysis if multiple-sample data are uploaded". Genes within each subnetwork are separated by tabs. It is ordered by percentile rank.

Only output for the top genes is provided as determined by percentile rank. See Readme. MD file in that filde for more info. More research about the Ocean Models. Technical Report, is necessary in order to describe the aquaculture environ- HydroQual, Inc. Aquaculture , — For the sustainable development of marine cage aquacul- Dong LX, Su JL a : Numerical study of water exchange in Xiang- ture, it is an effective management measure to keep the stock- shangang Bay I.

Advection-Diffusion water exchange model. Model application and water exchange study. Oceanol merical tidal model for Jiaozhou Bay. Donegal Mar Environ Health Ser waste transport. Water Sci Tech 31 10 61—71 a sustainable future. Northern Ireland fish farm. I: Flooding-dry process and water exchange over the Ketola GH : Effects of phosphorus in trout diets on water pollution. The measured data in a deposition model.

Aquaculture , — Case of Astakos Gulf, Greece. Env Sci Pollut Res 13 4 marine aquaculture in Europe. Aquaculture , — — Shu TF : Impacts of off-shore aquaculture on aquatic environments and study on sustainable aquaculture. Both PZN significantly promoted the algal yield even in the absence of added silicon, a limiting nutri- Aims and Scope.

The purpose of this study was to test whether ent for diatom growth. The PZN acted as a silicon buffer while two zeolites produced synthetically products of zeolitic nature, providing a source of silicon required for growth.

In addition, PZN could influence either the yield of a diatom culture or the PZN released into the seawater small but significant amounts of chemical changes in the cultures. For this purpose, Phaeodactylum the limiting micro-nutrient manganese its concentration doubled tricornutum was used as test organism in a culture medium of during the experiments , while simultaneously removing relatively natural seawater enriched with N and P having negligible amounts high quantities of zinc from the seawater.

The presence of PZN of ammonia. These changes sorp- Methods. The composition of trace metals and or- solutions used as culture media of P. The exudation observed in the tested cultures. Microbial analy- sis shows a reduction on heterotrophic total bacteria number from control unit, probably because the bacteria uses the spill oil like car- Abstract bon source and energy.

However, the number increases on Goal, Scope and Background. Bioremediation technique can be con- bioremediation unit, because it uses NPK like a biostimulator. To understand the importance of this work we must know that values especially in bioremediation. Toxicity tests confirm that NPK there is only little research performed to date using bioremediation fertilizer does not intoxicate the shoreline during the application of techniques to clean oil spills in tropical countries. So, the main ob- the bioremediation technique.

Some nutrient concentration shows high jective of this work is to analyze the behavior of a laboratory's values of ammonium and phosphate per bioremediation unit, reduc- bioremediation test using nutrients on coastal sediments.

The bioremediation process is followed through geo- Conclusions. Results reached the goal, finding a proper nutrient NPK chemical analysis during the tests. By microbial counting, the number of total tion with a relative enrichment in polar composites NSO and the bacteria and degrading bacteria is determined during the experiments, aromatic fraction from oil remaining constant.

Subsurface samples in order to confirm the effectiveness of the bioremediation process. Linear alcanes are more biodegraded analyzed for nutrients grade phosphate and ammonium ions and than isoprenoids, confirming the biodegradation susceptibility order.

Fertilizer does not demonstrate any toxic Results. The results from the geochemical analyses of the oil show a effects in local biota so that it does not compromise the technique relative decrease in the saturated hydrocarbon fraction that is com- applicability and the environment is not saturated by nutrients dur- pensated by a relative enrichment on polar compounds.

It's con- ing the simulation, especially since the coastal environment is an firmed by the fingerprint evaluation where it is possible to see a open system affected daily by tides. Therefore, bioremediation tests complete reduction of the normal alkanes followed by isoprenoids. The use of marine environment tilizer effectiveness during the bioremediation process.

Results from simulating test using NPK, a low-price plant tation operation, transform this oil to become the most important fertilizer, suggest that it's able to stimulate the degradation process. Bioremediation is an important technique Results from medium pressure liquid chromatography MPLC , done used to clean spilled oil impacting on shorelines, accelerating the at two different depths surface and subsurface , show different be- biodegradation process by using fertilizer growing the microorgan- havior during the biodegradation process where the later is seen to isms responsible for decontaminating the environment.

We recom- be more susceptible to microbial attack. Data from bioremediation mend confirming the efficiency of NPK nutrient used on bioremediation unit shows a bigger reduction of the saturated fraction, followed by simulating experiments on beaches, while monitoring the chemical some smaller reduction of aromatic fractions, compensated by a rela- changes long-term.

Afaf Wensky afafwensky ndeanalytical. So, oil is presently the most important pollutant in the oceans, reaching shorelines, affecting ecosystems, and negatively impacting such activi- ties as fishing and tourism.

There are many different processes acting on the oil spill, modifying its physical and chemical characteristics, such as biodegradation, scattering, evaporation, dissolution, disper- sion, sedimentation and photo-oxidation Prince On several occasions, however, these pro- 0.

Glass-made taps were adapted to the to hasten the pollutants' degradation. Taps through hoses were con- The so-called biodegradation process is promoted by the nected in seawater reservoirs Fig. On a typical experi- action of microorganisms, as bacteria and fungi occur natu- mental protocol, performed twice a day, 0. However, this pro- tide change. When the water is trapped in the sediments for cess can be limited by several factors, such as: nutrients avail- the first time, milliliter of oil is added to the top of the ability, kinds and abundance of microbial communities, tem- column.

This oil volume holds a relationship with the mass perature, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration red-ox of the sediments equal to 2. The cores ing the reaction to decontaminate the environment Rytkonen were taken from beach sand outcrops located below the wave et al. Once the cores were collected they were immediately of biodegradation processes on oil spills found in some sealed with plastic film, packed and sent to the laboratory.

According to these results, it is feasible to apply this technique to clean up these oil Seawater. Seawater sampling was carried out in the same spills once the ideal fertilizer recipes are found. In order to get a representative collection of these For our best understanding concerning the importance of seawater samples, they were colleted within a time-span of this work, we must know that there are a few researchers 48 hours.

The vast majority of the existing bibliography Oil. The saturated aliphatic , aromatic and NSO hydrocar- in this field shows the results of experiments performed in bon-fractions of the oil were separated on a semi-quantita- northern hemisphere scenarios, where different weather con- tive basis by liquid chromatography Fig. In order to stimulate the biodegradation process of the organic matter oil spill by microorganisms, nitro- 1 Material and Methods gen-rich nutrients are added to the process.

However, to 1. This shed was top covered with transparent roof-tiles, while its walls were fenced with mesh wire, thus allowing the free running of natural light and air streams across it.

For the extent of this possibility, this test site mim- ics a typical Southern Brazilian coastal environmental spot. The mass spectrometer was supplied by Hewlett into account the environment dynamics and the nutrient Packard model MSD. The analyses were carried out solubility. Microbial Counting. For the microbial analysis, the plate- Some commercial products are known to promote oil bio- counting method was used.

For instance, the ones used to combat the Exxon the elected solid culture for the heterotrophic bacterial count- Valdez tanker oil spill on the Alaska coast back in ing while the Bushwell Haas BH liquid culture — plus oil — Prince However, the selection of products to biode- was used for the degrading bacteria hydrocarbonoclastics grade this oil spill was backed by laboratory tests performed counting.

Theoretically, sphere cold weather and not the tropical ones existing on each colony is derived from a single organism, thus making the Rio de Janeiro coast. Therefore, some tests on nutrients it necessary to multiply the number of observed colonies by were performed in our laboratory to investigate the possi- the dilution factors in order to obtain the total frame num- bility of using them as stimulating agents for bioremediation ber Pelczer et al.

Toxicity Analysis. The toxicity of the seawater samples was A literature survey Sveum et al. A piece of — Fishmeal — a low-cost product easily found as a raw equipment called an Analytical Microtox, model , sup- material. It is a protein source, N:P ratio equal to ; plied by Microtox and equipped with a photo-detector as- — Molasses — a low-cost raw material of the sugar cane sembly, is able to detect the light emitted by these bacteria industry, easily found in the local markets.

Molasses has on a quantitative basis Ketcheson Nutrient analysis was carried out during lar to protein; the simulation process with the aid of an ultraviolet spec- — Ammonium phosphate — a chemical commodity with an trophotometer Schimadzu, model UV Preparing an N:P ratio equal to , but with a fairly high price; orthophosphate-containing standard solution, which was — NPK — a low-price plant fertilizer which contains potas- later diluted, was carried out during the inorganic phosphate sium-sulphate and chloride and an N:P:K ratio equal to analysis.

After 15 minutes, the reading of inorganic phos- In the same way, ammonium analy- 1. In the monium-containing standard solution, diluting and then broadest sense, chromatography is a physical separation performeing the reading at nanometers wavelength.

MPLC is a suitable method to separate the oil compo- 2 Results nents into saturated, aromatic and polar fractions Chatre Temperatures during the experiments show a minimum and et al. Our MPLC apparatus is equipped with: a constant-rate pump for the carrier fluid, a split injector, an ultraviolet detector The first step of experiments try to find the best nutrient to UV , a reflection index detector IR , an automatic fraction develop a bioremediation process.

The Gas Chromatograph is the same as described face and subsurface. Control units show high and constant values polar compounds NSO Table 1. Biodegradation con- MPLC analysis, where rates from the subsurface are reduced trol compounds, like C1-diaobenzene and C3-naphthalene faster than at the surface.

In the first ten days of experi- Table 4 , show constant values during simulation, similar ments, there is a strong fall in the rates, being reduced to to the saturated cyclic biomarkers values' rate, without the zero after twenty days. However, surface samples are re- action of biodegradation processes that is maybe not enough duced to zero after thirty days of experiments, proving that for microorganismic attack.

Samples from Microbial analysis is done on the first and last day during control units show fingerprints without UCM, while samples the simulation 1st and 30th day. Heterotrophic total bac- from bioremediation units reveal UCM after ten days, in- teria and hydrocarbonoclastic degrading bacteria count- creasing after 20 days. Concern- complexity and quantity of these compounds, it is possible ing the hydrocarbonoclastic number, at the beginning of to analyze the biodegradation rate.

However, considering the con- Toxicity of seawater samples is determined during the 2, 11, stant values during simulation, the biodegradation process 21 and 30th simulation days, hours after fertilizer appli- is probably not strong enough to reduce these composites. During the first ten days, a 2 11 21 30 Days ammonium biorem.

However, surfaces samples are Fig. According to Restle's experiments , the and phosphate quantity. The control unit shows a lower biodegradation is seen to be more efficient in n-paraffin, espe- nutrient concentration than bioremediation units, even so cially on small sizes, followed by isoprenoids and aromatic the last reach higher values around 21 days, simultaneously hydrocarbons.

So, it's possible to Fig. The results show constant values during reduced rates, indicating the action of biodegradation pro- simulation, confirming that the biodegradation process wasn't cess, reducing linear alcanes and isoprenoids.

Thus, the use of strong enough to reduce these composites, and bioremediation this nutrient can improve the biodegradation process because is classified as a moderate of level five, responsible just for n- it has a higher concentration of nitrogen and it matches. How- alcanes and isoprenoids reduction see Table 3.

It happens because, at this depth, there is probably because the bacteria uses the oil as a carbon source a high and constant humidity that helps the development of and energy see Fig. However, the number increases on the microbial population, while the water is responsible for bioremediation unit because it uses NPK like a biostimulator the nutrient transport necessary for the metabolism of those Cookson The hydrocarbonoclastic number wasn't microorganisms Cookson We diation units probably due to the nutrients used.

Science 2 11 — Al-Hadhrami MN, Lappin-Scott HM, Fisher PJ : Studies about the Nutrients concentrations show a similar behavior in ammo- biodegradation of three n-alcanes groups in presence of molasses and min- nium and phosphate quantity, showing lower values for eral fertilizer by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Mar Pol Bull 34 11 — Atlas RM : Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons: an nutrient concentration on control units. The bioremediation environmental perspective. Microbiology 45 1 — units reached higher values after around 21 days, simulta- Bartha R : Biotechnology of petroleum pollutant biodegradation. Micro- neously being the last fertilizer addiction, after that prob- bial Ecology 12 1 — Bradford ML, Krishnamoorthy R : Consider bioremediation for waste ably reducing in function the higher water solubility nutri- site cleanup.

Chemical Engineering Progress 87 2 80—85 ents used in tests see Fig. High quantities of nutrients Bragg JR : Bioremediation for shoreline cleanup following the help the development of microbial population during the Alaskan Oil Spill.

Chemical Engineering biodegradation process Lindstrom et al. Tese de Doutoramento. Furnas MJ : The behavior of nutrients in tropical aquatic ecosystems. Chemical analysis during the bioremediation simulation Pollution in Tropical Aquatic Systems 1 1 30—65 Hoff RZ : Bioremediation: an overview of its development and use show a reduction in the saturated fraction with a relative for oil spill cleanup.

Toxicity Procedure. Emergencies Sci- stant aromatic fraction from oil. In: Pro- ismic attack. Vol 1, Prentice Hall does not compromise the technique applicability. The shore- Press, New Jersey, pp line isn't saturated by nutrients during the simulation be- Prince RC : Petroleum spill bioremediation in marine environments.

Bioremediation is an important technique used to Sveum P, Faksness L G, Ramstad S : Bioremediation of oil-contami- clean oil spills impacting on shorelines, accelerating the bio- nated shorelines: The role of carbon in fertilizers. Hydrocarbon Biore- degradation process through fertilizer that grow microorgan- mediation 1 2 — isms responsible to clean the environment.

Journal of Chro- beaches, while monitoring the chemical changes over time. Env Sci Pollut Res 14 7 — ing.

Therefore, the ur- Background, Aim and Scope. Electrocoagulation EC may be a gent need for sustainable solutions is recognized.

While EC- potential answer to environmental problems dealing with water reuse and rational waste management. The aim of this research systems provide environment-friendly and cost-effective re- was to assess the feasibility of EC-process for industrial contami- sults for sustainable water reuse, it is disconcerting to realize nated effluents from copper production, taking into consideration how many places in the world still remain using freshwater technical and economical factors.

EC-technology claims to offer ef- for cleaning purposes. Furthermore, using renewable energies to operate EC-pro- Materials and Methods. Real wastewater from Saraka stream with cess would avoid any concern related to global warming due high concentrations of heavy metals was provided by RTB-BOR, to the electrical power from fossil resources.

Since metallurgi- a Serbian copper mining and smelting complex. Runs were per- cal wastewater treatment is one key aspect involving hydro- formed on a 10 l EC-reactor using aluminum plates as sacrificial metallurgy, this research in EC-technology carried out over electrodes and powered by a 40 A supply unit. Results concerning the few last years at IME, provides an improvement to former key factors like pH, conductivity and power consumption were attempts in this field.

The drawbacks and opportunities of measured in real time. Analysis of dissolved metal concentrations before and after treatment were carried out via ICP-OES and con- EC-method were technically and economically assessed, in- firmed by an independent test via AAS.

Several aspects were taken into account, including cur- within current discharge requirements as stipulated by law. State of the Art ing a role in neutralization and metal removal in real industrial wastewater.

Electrode configurations and their effects on energy The operating principle behind electrocoagulation involves demand were discussed and exemplified based on fundamentals colloidal chemistry concepts, dealing with the formation, of colloidal and physical chemistry. Those par- Conclusions. The passage of Recommendations and Perspectives. The EC-technology provides strategic guidelines for further research and development of sus- dispersed colloidal particles through typical membrane fil- tainable water management processes.

However, additional test ters is much more restricted than the passage of dissolved series concerning continuous operation must be still performed in ions or molecules which get absorbed by means of surface order to get this concept ready for future large-scale applications. Lee Young youngrisk bresnan. Based on the particle surface in order to effect a destabilization on this adsorption property, a mechanism known as Ostwald- with concomitant agglomeration and precipitation.

To Ripening in colloidal chemistry, is responsible for small par- achieve this, solid aluminum is dissolved anodically into a ticles in heterogeneous colloidal dispersions to decrease in hydroxide gel or coagulant by means of an electric current size and disappear at the expense of larger ones [3].

The within three stages: hydrolysis, followed by condensation final product is a colloidal agglomerate based on hydroxide and complexation of agglomerates [4]. This enlarged impu- 1. Hydroxide pre- The synergetic effects of EC-technology minimize the need cipitation of soluble heavy metals can be effected by adding for precipitating agents, enabling water reuse and reducing bases such as caustic soda NaOH or lime Ca OH 2 as the the amount of residual sludge, thus providing additional rea- most readily available precipitating agents, converting ions sons to upgrade wastewater treatment processes.

As a mat- to relatively insoluble metal-hydroxides [5]. A major disad- ter of fact, current implementations of EC-systems used in vantage of this method is due to the fact of adding impuri- washwater treatment or wash rack applications provide eco- ties like sodium in order to decrease hydrogen ion concen- logical and economical benefits, while detergents and soaps tration Fig. In addition, sludge disposal becomes complex since there are no cost-effective issues for metal recycling from residual Na-hydroxide.

Previous research in aqueous chemistry has shown that polynuclear formation of hydroxyl- aluminum particles is a stepwise process involving a deprotonation-dehydration mechanism Fig.

At the cathode hydrogen is evolved with forma- tion of OH— Eq. H2O x. Samples were taken before and during aluminum Al and iron Fe , were selected.

Although Fe runs. Results were confirmed by an ment of leachates containing pulp and paper mill [9], results independent analysis via AAS method, supplied by the chemi- obtained in metallurgical wastewater treatment were unsat- cal lab at the Institute for Inorganic Chemistry IAC at the isfactory. EC-reactor: 10 l Plexiglas tank xxmm3. Thus the raise in hydroxide ion 3.

Power measurement: Protek with serial data port. On the other hand, Al-electrodes have provided excellent 7. Pretreatment unit: 10 l capacity with magnetic stirrer. Filtration unit: paper-based with sludge bifurcation. Table 2 summarizes relevant parameters of the test runs and the aluminum consumption reported after treatment. Final Al-use No. Ultra pure water is used in industrial applications as insulator with conductivity values T9 12 reg. In contrast to metallurgical wastewater, T10 12 perf.

This is due to dissolved salts and metals, which beside to other impurities 3 Results and Discussion like atmospheric carbon dioxide for instance, contribute substantially to increase conductivity e. RT is also equal to the sum of 60 0,2 the specific solution resistance RS , and the interfacial resis- Power in Solution 30 0,1 tance at the electrodes surface RE. Concerning issues related to process efficiency influenced by reactor design, in particular cell ratios from electrode configurations, it is necessary to describe their effects on power consumption and metal removal.

One of the first experiments in the search for optimal operating parameters was to establish the gap or space between the electrodes. Power ideal 3. For this reason, Fig. Interpreting data in Fig. Since electrodes are connected in parallel, more elec- same wastewater , this change led to an improvement of trode pairs simply increase the total surface area. This state resulted in a modification of all 6,0 40 T9- T9-Temperature operating conditions with loss of current voltage linearity 5,5 35 from Ohm's law as well as an increase in temperature rises, 5,0 30 leading to many other undesirable effects.

TTemperature T10 4,5 25 4,0 20 3. While current is set to drive constant, voltage increases as Fig. Moreover, test series must be per- mines dosage rate for the release of aluminum ions required formed using different configurations and settings before to form Al-hydroxide.

Equally, cathodic hydrogen evolution EC-technology can become widely accepted for industrial and metal deposition increase proportional to the electric applications. Therefore, testing and improvements involv- field strength, driven also by the current density. Since current density was doubled, Acknowledgements.

Ulrich Koelle from the Institute for Inor- tion or redissolutions must be handled with care. Structure and bonding. Coagulation, Flocculation. Pharm Sci 65 — Parameter Chemic. Precipitation Electrocoagulation [8] Georgantas D, Grigoropoulou H : Phosphorus and organic matter removal from synthetic wastewater using alum Effective flow rate Material cost 0. Beltramini Trevilato3, Angela M. Domingo2 and Susana I. The presence of heavy metals in waste- Introduction water is one of the main causes of water and soil pollution.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the removal of Cd, Cu, Pb, The presence of heavy metals in industrial and urban waste- Hg, Mn, Cr and Zn in urban effluent by a biological wastewater water is one of the main causes of water and soil pollution. Major wastewater and those of Ni in sludge were determined by atomic ab- urban inputs of sewage water include household effluents, sorption spectrophotometry with graphite furnace atomization.

Mer- drainage water, business effluents e. The percentages of removal efficiency RE were the fol- Toxicity of heavy metals to microorganisms is well docu- lowing: Hg At certain concentrations, metals are toxic to of metals in dewatering sludge followed this increasing order: Tl higher organisms, microorganisms and plants.

It has been Discussion. The relationship between metal levels in untreated waste- shown that the toxicity of metals in wastewater depends on water, as well as the removal efficiency are in agreement with previ- ous data from various investigators. It is important to note that metal factors such as metal species and concentration, pH, and removal efficiency is not only affected by metal ion species and con- sludge levels [8—10]. In a biological wastewater treatment sys- centration, but also by other conditions such as operating param- tem, the presence and activity of microorganisms are essen- eters, physical, chemical, and biological factors.

With regard to microbial removal of Conclusions. Metal values recorded for treated wastewater and sludge metals, biosorption phenomenon is crucial. There is an urgent need for the authorities who are responsible for legislation on sludge uses in agriculture of estab- lishing safety levels for As, Be, Hg, Sn, Tl and V.

Merck, Darmstadt, Ger- logical wastewater treatment, but also the process operat- many and deionized water according to standard meth- ing conditions and design.

However, in spite of these ods. The samples of wastewater were collected following conditioning factors, various studied metals can be removed the standard method of chemical analysis of the APHA [25]. For the authori- were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry ties involved in wastewater treatment, sludge management using acetylene flame Varian AA [26].

Quantification options include wet air oxidation, landfilling, incineration, limits were: 0. In disturbed land [21,22]. Queens- nese Mn , lead Pb and zinc Zn in untreated and treated land, Australia. For tem- in the sewage sludge generated by this facility. Thirty duplicated sludge samples were col- tion of , inhabitants [23].

All samples were col- [24]. All samples were ventional activated sludge treatment. After cooling, solutions were filtered and made up tank, secondary sedimentation tank, and chlorination tank to 25 ml with deionized water.

The levels of Ni were analyzed by atomic sludge is deposited in the municipal landfill [24]. Queensland, Both, the raw untreated and treated wastewater samples, Australia.

To get an accurate match- the following: 0. Similar findings were also reported Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Pro- by Oliver and Cosgrove [35], who investigated the varia- tions of heavy metal concentrations in untreated wastewa- gram GraphPad Prism Version 3. A probability of 0. Metal variations in both untreated and treated wastewater samples for each collection day are depicted in Fig.

The variations in metal by activated sludge microorganisms [34]. It is well established that metal It should be noted that heavy metal contents in treated waste- removal by biological systems depends on dissolved organic matter and pH, where the removal efficiency increases with water were analyzed considering the suitability of RP-BWTP increasing pH until metals precipitate as hydroxides. Biologi- effluent utilization for agricultural irrigation.

It can be seen cal wastewater treatment is normally conducted at pH values that, in spite of the variability, all metal levels in treated between 7 and 9 [2,15,31]. In the current study, pH values for wastewater of the RP-BWTP were within the allowable lim- untreated and treated wastewater samples ranked from 6.

The variability in the as well as the respective removal efficiencies are summarized reductions found in metal content can be attributed to the in Table 1. The removal efficiencies estimated of the present complex and highly varying composition of wastewater. Although there is a environmental concern [37—41]. Thallium els were within the maximum permitted values established concentrations under the analytical detection limit.

They are also within the ranks corresponding to inter- centrations variability. That Table 2. There- [5] Sorme L, Lagerkvist R : Sources of heavy metals in urban waste- fore, the current results suggest that collected sludge in RP- water in Stockholm. However, for an envi- [6] Ehrlich HL : Microbes and metals. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol ronmentally safe use of sewage sludge, further studies with 48, — systematic monitoring are recommended.

It should allow to [7] Nies DH : Microbial heavy-metal resistance. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 51, — estimate annual metal concentrations and predicted varia- [8] Imai A, Gloyna EF : Effects of pH and oxidation state of chro- tions of those elements in the sludge.

According to the present results, sludge might be used activated sludge uptake and toxic effects. However, from water by using calcined phosphate as a new adsorbent. J Hazard a systematic monitoring of metal concentrations is suggested.

Mater , — Moreover, a recent literature review showed an urgent need [14] Lester JN, Harrison RM, Perry R : Rapid flameless atomic ab- sorption analysis of the metallic content of sewage sludges. Lead, for the authorities responsible for legislation on sludge uses cadmium and copper. No data regulating the concentration of those ciency of heavy metals removal in municipal sewage treatment plants. Chromium, nickel and zinc. However, in certain countries, these age sludges. The of heavy metals in wastewater treatment process.

Sludge treatment and disposal. Sci Total Environ 30, 45—83 identification of metal removal capacity of biological treat- [19] Sterritt RM, LesteR JN : The value of sewage sludge to agricul- ment system is relevant for the water resources protection ture and effects of the agricultural use of sludges contaminated with and public health prevention.

South America is one of the toxic elements: A review. Sci Total Environ 16, 55—90 world zones with a higher people concentration in urban [20] Tyagi RD, Couillard D : Bacterial leaching of metals from sludge.

It is a condition of high prevalence of para- ing Co. On the other hand, considering the po- [21] Tchobanoglous G, Burton FL : Wastewater Engineering: Treat- tential use of sludge in agriculture, periodically metal moni- ment, Disposal and Reuse.

Waste Manage 23, — soil and herbage samples collected near a cement plant. Environ Int 30, — sludge is used in agriculture, O. A guide for land by activated sludge. Chemosphere role of bacterial extracellular polymers. Water Res 13, — 53, — [34] Chen Y, Wang C, Wang Z : Residues and source identification [46] Voutsa D, Zaxariadis G, Gaantidis N, Samara C, Kouimtzis Th : of persistent organic pollutants in farmland soils irrigated by effluents Evaluation of municipal and industrial wastewater sludges for agri- from biological treatment plants.

Environ Int 31, — cultural purposes. Water Res Determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds and heavy metals 8, — in sludges from biological sewage treatment plants. Sci of municipal solid waste primary stabilized sewage sludge and natu- Total Environ 30, — ral zeolite. J Hazard Mater two sequential extraction schemes for metal partitioning in sewage , — sludge. Sistemas integrados de trata- concentrations during sewage sludge composting processes.

Resumen ejecutivo. Lima, Heavy metal is among one of the pol- some cases. The contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn even reach 3. The aim of the present review is to make information on the tion zone. These contaminants pollute drinking water and food, and source of heavy metal pollution, distribution of heavy metals in the threaten human health.

Some diseases resulting from pollution of geo- environment, and measures of pollution control accessible interna- logical and environmental origin, were observed with long-term and tionally, which are mostly published in Chinese. Information from scientific journals, university journals and Conclusions. In China, the geological background level of heavy metal governmental releases are compiled focusing mainly on Cd, Cu, Pb is low, but with the activity of humans, soil, water, air, and plants are and Zn.

Partly Al, As, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn and Ni are included also in part polluted by heavy metals in some cases and even affect human health as well. Results and Discussion. To remediate and improve environ- and Zn are 0.

In the mental quality is a long strategy for the polluted area to keep humans water of the Yangtze River Basin, the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and animals healthy.

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